The Insider Secret on Exploratory Essay Topics Uncovered

The Insider Secret on Exploratory Essay Topics Uncovered The Unexpected Truth About Exploratory Essay Topics In fact, writing editorials is one of the very best strategies to earn awareness about wellness problems. Possessing a few writing prompts is a significant means to be certain you have the info that you're looking for. There are a lot of students that are gifted and could possibly write long documents without many problems due to their inborn skill. Probably the most crucial component to keep in thoughts on paper essay exams is you get a little period of time and room to get upon the understanding you've got together with your capability to put it to use. Essay writing is an essential area of the program. Personal essays can occasionally consist of private details which you would not need to go over. Composing a school essay doesn't require becoming a tough training. The Entrance Essay The entry essay is one of the main part of your program exercise. The course describe enable you to understand what the teacher regarded as important. Reveal a university admission official which you're heading to be a worthy student. Note it is impossible to understand how to write a college essay qualitatively should you not concentrate on structuring the work correctly from the very start. A college admissions essay isn't so difficult to create, nevertheless you should invest an important time frame on it, as it's your ticket in your fantasy school. The Fight Against Exploratory Essay Topics Essay writing isn't actually an easy occupation. So even when you believe the essay writing topic is too hard, our essay paper writers can solve it with no hassle. Any less is too weak and additionally the thesis won't be capable of uphold itself. Dissertation publishing may be a two-way visitors. Authorship a faculty essay doesn't need to be a complicated procedure Thus, you might have to compose several pages essay or maybe a fantastic research paper or possibly a dissertation that is going to be pretty tough for a number of pupils. It is rather a powerful instrument. Critiquing your vocabulary is necessary to all sorts of article. Narrative essays contain narratives that are meant to illustrate a point. Composing an essay is actually not a hard job once you comprehend the format well. It's very possible you will want to produce your own topic. There are sure factors you will need to think about when writing argumentative essays. To select decent subject for an exploratory essay, you must understand how it works first. Selecting an essay that's exploratory could possibly be hard. Top Exploratory Essay Topics Secrets From time to time, the best method to become inspired to do an essay is to find a title which you really like and think has a great deal of scope and after that write on such a topic. An overview is really a succinct paraphrase of all vital notions inside a post. Just remember your ideas ought to be logical, clear and understandable for practically any reader, therefore it is very important to offer thorough explanations, although not too lengthy ones. You will possibly strike on several intriguing ideas which you want to reveal further. You might require the help of expert article writers today! If you want help on your very own private essay writing assignment you want to work with somebody who is aware of what they are really talking about. To learn how to compose an article initially and foremost you must recognize the type of article you're going to compose. If you decide to buy article, you simply will need to complete the purchase form and we're likely to delegate an essay writer who'll create the occupation of finest quality for you.

There Are No Children Here By Alex Kotlowitz Essay

There Are No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz tells the harrowing story of the Rivers family and their shocking experiences living in an underserved Chicago public housing project. The story focuses on Lafayette, a middle school aged boy discovering his identity, Pharoah, an elementary school aged boy with high ambition and goals, and their resilient mother LaJoe. Matza’s Techniques of Neutralization discuss how people can create rationalizations to justify delinquencies and crimes. Specifically applicable to There Are No Children Here is the theory of Denial of Responsibility which occurs when the perpetrator of an offense claims the situation was out of their control, they did not know the law, they were a victim of circumstance, or they were acted upon by outside forces rather than acting themselves. The second theory applicable to There Are No Children Here is Becker’s theory of Master Status. The theory of Master Status states that labels can take on a â€Å"master status† and can have an enormous influence and once you’ve been labeled, then define you. These theories aid in understanding how the pattern of violence and destruction is perpetuated in the projects of Chicago and the misfortune in the Rivers family. The theory of the master status can be applied to almost all characters in There Are No Children Here to understand their behavior and mentality. Terence, the older brother of Lafayette and Pharoah, got wrapped up in crime in his adolescent years. By the time he wasShow MoreRelatedThere Are No Children Here By Alex Kotlowitz Essay1933 Words   |  8 PagesRenee Driver CCJS 454 0101 November 22, 2016 Final Paper There are No Children Here, by Alex Kotlowitz, tells a story about the family of LaJoe and Paul Rivers. The book focuses on Lafayette and Pharaoh, two of the younger children in the family, and their interactions with each other, the neighborhood, their family, their friends, and the police. Following the family over three years shows the importance of neighborhood factors when it comes to crime. According to Sampson and Groves (1989)Read MoreAnalysis Of Alex Kotlowitz s There Are No Children Here1695 Words   |  7 PagesAlex Kotlowitz’s There Are No Children Here is a documentary exploring life in inner-city Chicago during the late 1980’s. The book follows the lives of two African American youth, Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers, who live in Chicago’s Horner Homes over the course of two years. It tells of a lifestyle that is a reality for many Americans and forces the reader to acknowledge a broken system that so many turn a blind eye toward. Kotlowitz does n ot sugarcoat the struggles and hardships that the citizensRead MoreKeeping Our Youthfulness in No Children Here by Alex Kotlowitz1459 Words   |  6 PagesThere are No Children Here; by Alex Kotlowitz is a story about two brothers and their mother, Pharaoh, Lafayette and LaJoe Rivers and them growing up in the late 1980s in the (HHH) Henry Horner Homes, a housing project in Chicago. In the story the boys try to retain their youthfulness while they see constant gang violence, death of people close to them and their brother is in jail and their dad is struggling with drug addiction. In Horner, there are two gangs that claim it as their area, and theRead MoreLife in the Henry Horner Homes902 Words   |  4 Pagesbut present. Life in the city of Chicago can seem more like a curse than a gift. The residents of this public housing only experience brief instance of true joy before the reality that is their lives come crushing back down on them. There Are No Children Here shows first hand experience of the hardship of Americans and the wreckage, that is urban life. Throughout the story we focus on two major characters; 10 year old LaFayette, and 7 year old Pharoah, as they struggle to beat the odds against themRead More Effect of Environment in There Are No Children Here Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesEffect of Environment in There Are No Children Here In There are No Children Here, by Alex Kotlowitz, the way of life in Chicagos Henry Horner projects has a profound effect on all the residents who live there. The children become desensitized by the constant violence that they are forced to witness every day. Children are forced to walk home from school through the urban war zone of these housing projects. It is not unusual for the children to run home from school to avoid becoming casualtiesRead More There Are No Children Here Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesThere Are No Children Here Alex Kotlowitz was a freelance journalist. In 1985 a friend came to him and asked him to write a text for a photo essay he was doing on (children living in poverty) for a Chicago magazine. That is when he met the Rivers brothers, Lafeyette, age ten, and Pharoah age seven. He spent only a few hours with them interviewing for the photo essay. Lafeyette had an impact on Kotlowitz. When asked what he wanted to be, Lafeyette responded with If I grow up, Id like toRead MoreEssay about Finding Strength in Poverty in There Are No Children Here1204 Words   |  5 PagesThere are No Children Here – Finding Strength in Poverty  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being privileged is something that I didn’t understand until I read There are No Children Here, by Alex Kotlowitz. The truth is that I knew I had it better than others, but the absolute difference was not truly recognized until I met the boys Lafayette, and Pharaoh. These boys were presented to me by Kotlowitz, via his book, and the evident pain and sorrow that these young men went through on a daily basis was more than mostRead More There are no Children Here Essay1736 Words   |  7 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Alex Kotlowitz’s book, There are No Children Here, is a story about two boys, Pharoah and Lafeyette Rivers growing in the late 1980’s in Henry Horner, a housing project in Chicago. The boys try to retain their youth while they see constant gang violence, death of close friends, their brother in jail and their dad struggling with a drug addiction. In Horner, there are two gangs that claim it as their turf, and the Rivers family is constantly ducking from shots of gunfireRead More The Effect of Gangs in There Are No Children Here Essay949 Words   |  4 Pagesin There Are No Children Here  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Throughout There Are No Children Here, a continuous, powerful tension always lurks in the background. The gangs that are rampant in the housing projects of Chicago cause this tension. In the Henry Horner Homes, according to Kotlowitz, one person is beaten, shot, or stabbed due to gangs every three days. In one week during the authors study of the projects, police confiscated 22 guns and 330 grams of cocaine in Horner alone (Kotlowitz 32).    Read MoreA Photographer By Alex Kotlowitz1761 Words   |  8 PagesAlex Kotlowitz met Lafeyette and Pharoah Rivers in 1985 while working as a journalist. He was interviewing them for a photo essay in Chicago magazine on children living in poverty. The violence that occurred every day where the brothers lived in Governor Henry Horner Homes, or Horner, disturbed Kotlowitz. Lafeyette and Pharoah are 12 and 9 years old at the start of the book but have experienced more than many kids their age. The boys did not seem sure of what life held for them. Lafeyette told

Effective Financial Management A Agencies -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Effective Financial Management A Agencies? Answer: Introduction The present study is based on preparing journal entries for Preston Village for recording it in the appropriate government funds by considering both Modified accrual accountingand full accrual accounting method. Further prepared journal entries for reflecting the transactions on government-wide statements will be justified by describing significant for both sets of financial statements. Modified accrual accountingis meant for realizing proceeds when they turn into accessible and measurable having some exceptions while recognizing expenses during the occurrence of liabilities (McKinney, 2015). Journal entries according to modified accrual basis are as follows: Preston Village issued $20million to acquire a new building for municipal office in a capital project fund; the profits were recorded. Cash a/c Dr. $20,000,000 Bonds a/c Cr. $20,000,000 The company purchased the specified building by giving the amount of $20 million. Expenditure a/c Dr. $20,000,000 Cash a/c Cr. $20,000,000 The company recorded the transaction by making depreciation on $300000 on the municipal vehicles. A) Modified accrual none Transfer of $2060000 has been made from general fund to debt service fund. Transfer out to debt service fund a/c Dr. $2,060,000 Cash a/c Cr. $2,060,000 Cash a/c Dr. $2,060,000 Transfer from general fund $2,060,000 The company made a payment of $60000 with interest on a long-term debt while repaying $2 million on the same debt. Expenditure-principle a/c Dr. $2,000,000 Expenditure-interest a/c Dr. $60,000 Cash a/c Cr. $2,060,000 A village land was sold for $5 million which has been purchased for $4million. The profits were further recorded in the general fund. Cash a/c Dr. $5,000,000 Proceeds-land a/c Cr. $5,000,000 The full accrual basis of accounting is meant for recognizing financial impacts of activities on an entity on an accounting period, despite the fact that, if or if not the cash was earned or spent (Bloch, 2016). In context with business, full accrual accounting is used to identify an appropriate net profit, to evaluate the financial performance of the business and to consider income with expenditures during an accounting period (Cunha, 2015). In context with business, the measurement of net profit is not considered as the main objective, however, in accordance with the GASB 34, GWFS are showed by making use of full accrual method. Journal entries according to full accrual basis are as follows: Preston Village issued $20million to acquire a new building for a municipal office. In a capital project fund, the profits were recorded. Cash a/c Dr. $20,000,000 Bonds payable a/c Cr. $20,000,000 The company purchased the specified building by giving the amount of $20 million. Building a/c Dr. $20,000,000 Cash a/c Cr. $20,000,000 The company recorded the transaction by making depreciation on $300000 on the municipal vehicles. Depreciation expense a/c Dr. $300,000 Accum depn a/c Cr. $300,000 Transfer of $2060000 has been made from general fund to debt service fund The company made a payment of $60000 with interest on a long-term debt while repaying $2 million on the same debt. Expenditure-bond a/c Dr. $60,000 Bonds payable a/c Dr. $2,000,000 Cash a/c Cr. $2,060,000 A village land was sold for $5 million which has been purchased for $4million. The profits were further recorded in the general fund. Given that, the government entities are justified in preparing two sets of financial statements, as these deliver different rationales for entities (Granof, Khumawala Smith, 2016). One financial statement is meant to reflect the budgetary requirements for entities during the reporting period, and the another reports the entity as a large and its achievements on inter-period equity Conclusion In accordance with the present study conclusion can be drawn that similar to corporate entities, government entities are also required to record their accounting transactions in an appropriate manner. By considering accounting principles of South Africa, government entities are justified in preparing two sets of financial statements, one financial statement offers a holistic image of government as well as the full accrual both based on the inter-period equity. Further, the other fund statement gives more consideration towards the budget, References Bloch, R. (2016). Assessing the Impact of GASB Statement No. 34: The Perceptions of Municipal Bond Analysts.Municipal Finance Journal,37(2). Cunha, C. D. (2015). Better Measurement of Governments through the Application of Accrual Accounting for Government-Wide Financial Statements. Granof, M. H., Khumawala, S. B., Smith, D. L. (2016).Government and Not-for-profit Accounting, Binder Ready Version: Concepts and Practices. John Wiley Sons. McKinney, J. B. (2015).Effective financial management in public and nonprofit agencies. ABC-CLIO.

Life Shaping Experience free essay sample

Writing Life Shaping Experience – Personal Narrative There has been many life-shaping/life changing experiences in my life however if I have to pinpoint to one specific moment where I knew that my life as a child will be over was when I was 12 years old. My sister, grandmother and I just came back from spending 3 weeks in Nicaragua. I loved it so much I wanted to stay. A week or two after the family trip, my grandmother fell down concrete stairs and was pronounced dead once she went to the hospital. My life as a child or more likely my childhood was gone. At that moment I had to grow up, clean my house, take care of my sister, go to school and cook dinner. I am now 28 years old and still remember that day like it was yesterday. I was getting ready to preach for the first time in church. We will write a custom essay sample on Life Shaping Experience or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My grandmother went out to the grocery and she didn’t want my sister and I to go and help since I also had a mini job as a baby sitter at the time. My life was perfect at the moment. As the time went on, we noticed that she was taking a little long to get back home so we went outside twice to look for her but didn’t see her coming. About 10 or 15 minutes later I hear a strong banging coming from the door and it was my upstairs neighbor. She started crying and screaming hysterical saying that Mami had fell down (Mami was the nickname everybody on the block gave my grandmother). I ran outside and saw her with a black eye, the food she went to go buy all over on the floor and on top of her, and the vomit coming from her nose. She had fallen and hit her head. I couldn’t believe that the woman that had raised me was on the floor dead. I couldn’t believe it. I didn’t want to believe it. I wanted her to be okay. I wanted a miracle from God like Lazarus (John 11:1-44). After she was admitted into the hospital, I stayed in the church for almost a week just praying and praying that a miracle would happen. I was in church praying when the Pastor came to me and told me that she had stopped breathing. It was like my life was crashing down on me. I couldn’t breathe. I didn’t want to let go. A week later I preached for the first time and I dedicated the sermon to her. I spoke how kind hearted she was, so patient and loving. She gave her last years to my sister and I. My family grew apart. No more family dinners or holidays together. She was the glue that held everything together. The next 6 or 7 years were hard on my sister and I. Even though we always had a bed to sleep in, we were always going house to house. We didn’t really had a home. We were basically left on our own like orphans. I took care of my grandfather, always worked, went to church and at the age of 18 gave birth to a beautiful healthy boy. I grew up too fast without realizing what to do or how to do it. However I remember her teachings and the way she cared for all her grandkids and I applied everything that was taught to my son. My son at the age of 2 was formally diagnosed with mild autism. I have to admit my life has never been full of roses but my grandmother made it worthwhile. She would have fell in love with my son. He looks just like my father (my father was murdered when I was 8 months old). The strength I receive every day to take care of my family is from my 12 years of life with my grandmother. The day she died changed my life forever but it also taught me many things. I agree that I grew a little too fast but everything happens for a reason. I will not be given a cross to bear that I am not able to handle. I can handle many situations and I thank my grandmother for that since I am a stronger and more wiser person for it.

Resisting Stereotypes is unrealistic essays

Resisting Stereotypes is unrealistic essays Look deep in your heart and ask yourself a question: Can you resist stereotyping? The United States consists of immigrants from all countries. All cultures, like people, are different and seeing someone who differs from oneself motivates us to stereotype or label, for example, ones way of talking, dressing, acting, and so on. Though it is impossible to avoid stereotyping, the use of stereotypes may actually be beneficial in some cases. We cannot avoid stereotyping because a human beings mind is created to observe, criticize, and categorize. These tendencies were present in our everyday life and manners from time immemorial. In addition, some stereotypes may take roots from family beliefs and principles. For example, native people in the country may bring up their children to avoid another nation, or immigrants, by teaching them their assumptions and generalizations without any contiguity with the people. This behavior, in my opinion, takes away from their childrens chances to acquire some knowledge and experiences by interacting with other cultures and beliefs. Sometimes stereotypes open our eyes to something we have never realized. They shape how we see ourselves and our values as members of our group, and how we see ourselves as different from members of other groups. For example, Thea Palad in her essay, Fighting Stereotypes, described that she considered herself an American, before her classmate showed her the view of Palad from the view of white American girls. And even though she spent her life in America, she didnt realize that she wasnt like white American girls in school. But it was difficult for me to comprehend how people today could still focus on the shape of my eyes and the texture of my hair, points out the author. For a moment, she lost her identity in society. She wasnt considered one of the fresh off the boat&...

Here Are The Most Important Skills Needed For the Future

Here Are The Most Important Skills Needed For the Future For many decades now, people have been predicting the future of just about all industries: robots. And while that hasn’t quite come to pass, we’re already seeing automation and technology take over our working lives. More than ever, our work and communication are online, with fewer human touchpoints. Just look at email: if you were in the workforce 10  or 15  years ago, email was present, but not necessarily the driving force of office communication. And although we’re still a good way off from having a fleet of robots running our lives, it’s a great idea to start thinking about the kind of skills needed for the future.1. Technology Trends2.  Information Overload3.  Flexible Employees4.  Your BrandTechnology TrendsTechnology is the most obvious shift that will happen in all of our lives in the near future. After all, it’s only about 10  years ago that the iPhone was just a secret prototype kicking around Apple’s Cupertino campus. Cut to today: good luck finding people shuffling along a sidewalk and not gazing down at a smartphone screen.And while you’re not expected to be able to predict exactly what the hot new tech will be, you can make sure you’re aware of the cutting edge tech trends in your field right now, and think about where those might be going. For example, if you work in retail, POS (point of sale) software has really affected how salespeople work with merchandise and the public. Another example is office communication systems, like using Google’s Gmail, Gchat, and Hangouts to foster communication between people in the company.Regardless of your field, the trend is likely to be two-fold: a) bringing people together regardless of whether they work in the same office, state, or hemisphere; and b) finding ways to make manual processes, like payment or presentations, digital to free up resources for other tasks.If you’re the person who has 14  devices plus your fitness tracker linked up in one big web of efficient information harmony, great! You likely have the tools to be ready for whatever comes along, tech-wise. Keep an eye on trends in your field, like:New tools and software, especially ones that improve efficiency or customer service. What is your industry able to do now that it wasn’t able to do before?Social media. How is social media used by the movers and shakers in your industry?Security trends in your industry. How is customer or company data protected?Mobile technology, also known as the Internet of Things. Are there any particular apps or devices that are relevant to how your company (or your field) does business?Working to stay updated on trends can help you figure out where to target your attention as you move from one job to another, and can really help you flesh out your resume and/or your personal brand.If you’re not as tech-savvy as you would like, there’s nothing stopping you from fixing that! It just takes a little time and catching up, and then you’ll be ready to trendspot with the best of them. There are plenty of ways to bolster your tech creds:Take classesSites like Lynda.com offer online tutorials and classes that you can take at your own speed, on your own timeline. You can search for specific programs or general areas where you want to expand your knowledge. Also, productivity expert Steve Pavlina has a great to-do list for expanding your tech know-how: 10 Ways to Improve Your Tech Skills.Learn by doingFor example, if you want to learn coding to add it to your resume, all the online tutorials in the world aren’t the same as getting in there and figuring it out. Once you get a baseline sense of how to do things, either from research or a class you’ve taken, set time aside to get in there, play around with apps or programs, and really get a sense for how things work.Talk to expertsYou know what people really like talking about? Things they’re good at. Find people in your field (or your company), who really know their stuff, and ask them if they could walk you through their process for the skills you want to add to your own repertoire. BONUS: you also get to know people in your field, and build your network.Information Overloadâ€Å"Big data,† or using stats and information to make smart decisions about how to work efficiently, whom to hire, how to address new challenges, etc. will play a huge role in the workplace in the next ten years. Analytical skills and problem solving skills will come in very handy here. If these are areas you want to build, you can start now:Analytical Thinking: Why You Need It and How to Get BetterAmp up Your Career by Improving Your Analytical Skills6 Ways to Enhance Your Problem Solving Skills5 Ways To Hone Your Problem-Solving Abilities And Become An Expert In Your FieldFlexible EmployeesThe digital office looks less and less like the traditional one we all know, with a beehive of people typing away and gathering ‘round the coffee machine. With better connections and communication all the time, it’s less essential that everyone be physically in the same room to collaborate. As you move forward through your career, consider ways you might be able to adapt to that kind of changing office. Working remotely or working as a contractor are ways that your daily work life might change. Being open to flexible work arrangements can open up new opportunities that you might not have anticipated if you’re wedded to the idea of working 9 to 5 in a cubicle of office.Your BrandOne trend that doesn’t seem to be going away anytime is the one where you develop and live your own brand. Right now, this entails having clean, career-relevant social media profiles, and keeping up by creating new content that establishes you as a player in your field. Moving forward, the trick will be to keep pace with the hot social media trends of the time- you don’t want to be the guy on MySpace when everyone else has moved on to Twitter 2.0.If you are that guy (or gal) who’s a little behind the time, social media-wise, don’t fret- this is an easy fix! It just involves a little bit of legwork and spring cleaning.If you already have social media accounts:Make personal or social accounts private whenever possible, and untag yourself in those embarrassing photos of you doing a kegstand at Spring Weekend. Similarly, those posts about your hobby of making macramà © portraits of British royalty should be pushed behind the privacy wall as well. You want your career brand to float to the top of those search results.Expand your network. Start connecting with other people in your field- that way, you’ll be in a better position to start dialogues with influential people in your industry.If you want to increase your social media presence, Aaron Agius at Entrepreneur has some great tips for where to start building your brand:1. Choose sites that work well with your career and goals.For example: if you’re in an industry that values image and style, Instagram might be your best bet. If you work in a business that moves fast and values quick insights, Twitter might be the way to go.2. Keep posting content.A site with little traffic and nothing new to offer isn’t going to do much to help your personal brand.3. Leverage big voices.Follow (and engage with) people who are big fish in your industry’s social media pond. Depending on how big their following is, you may not get much one-on-one interaction, but retweets/sharing content shows that you’re active.4. Use marketing to your advantage by using campaigns and contests to get your brand out there.What it comes down to is this: none of us can predict the future, and no one should even try. What you can do is put yourself in a place where you have a base of skills, and the kind of flexible thinking that will allow you to take advantage of opportunities six months from now, or 10 years ago.

Source Integration Task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Source Integration Task - Essay Example This has also been maintained that it compels high schools to reduce the range of subjects they teach which is also shown as a significant limitation of the current entrance exam system. Further, university entrance exams of the day cause unreasonable stress on young people. To sum all these arguments up, the university entrance exams should be abolished because they reduce education to the simple memorizing of information, force high schools to reduce the range of subjects they teach, and cause unreasonable stress on young people. University entrance exams also result in limiting the content that high schools teach to their students. Significantly, one of the most essential defects of the current entrance exam system has been that the high schools are forced to reduce the range of subjects they teach as they need more to focus on the university entrance exam syllabus. It is natural for every high school to expect its students to enter the best schools for their further studies. In the attempt to help the students pass the entrance exams and secure admission in the best schools, the high schools are forced to concentrate on the topics of these exams and ultimately sacrifice broad range of subjects. That is to say, these high schools are forced to dedicate the depth of learning to focus on exam content only in order to secure pass in the entrance exams. However, it cannot be ignored that such an educational practice contributes too little for the overall development of the students. On the other hand, such narr ow-based education limits the benefits of education and it does more harm than good. It is indubitable that a system of broad-based education is needed by young learner’s intellectual development and it is important to provide such a curriculum to the overall development of the students. Therefore, it is important to realize the current

The Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Law of Evidence - Essay Example In order to proceed further, it is pertinent to define the meaning of trick and understand whether that meaning falls into the conundrum of facts of the case. â€Å"A cunning or skilful act or scheme intended to deceive or outwit someone. Intended or used to deceive or mystify, or to create an illusion.†1 To trick someone into something is to make the other person believe that he is showing him the true face of the situation, but, on the other hand he is infact putting him through a fake image of illusion and therefore cheating him to deceive him according to his whims and fancies. ... helps the accused as the departure from the strict procedure has been adopted by design with a view to securing the admission of evidence obtained by an unfair trick. As per the findings of Lord Cooper, "I can find nothing to suggest that any departure from the strict procedure was deliberately adopted ... in the present instance the irregularity ought to be ‘excused’.†150 The Privy Council, in its opinion delivered on an appeal from Kenya, mentioned, as a ground for excluding relevant evidence that it had been obtained by a "trick." 1:;1 Kingsmill Moore ]., admitting evidence of this kind in an Irish case, said: "I can find no evidence of deliberate treachery, imposition [or]deceit." 152 As a ground for rejecting evidence, the Supreme Court of Canada has pointed out: "Admittedly, the statement by the accused was procured by trickery, duress and improper inducements." Therefore, in the first instance, according to the precedents laid down by the Courts worldwide as well as the law in the PACE Act, it has been clearly stated that any evidence produced by putting the individual under a trick is negligible and liable to be excluded under the law. Thus David may be supported with the help of the same. 2. The Law governing the admissibility of the confession Section 82(1) of the PACE Act defines the law governing the admissibility of confession. The Section is as follows: â€Å"confession†, includes any statement wholly or partly adverse to the person who made it, whether made to a person in authority or not and whether made in words or otherwise†.4 According to the facts of the case, it is a clear cut proposition that David was oppressed into confessing that he knew about the stolen nature of the car radio. The Court should look at this situation from a holistic

Preventing Caregiver Abuse Essay Example for Free

Preventing Caregiver Abuse Essay The term â€Å"caregiver† is used to refer to an individual who assists another who cannot act freely due to certain chronic conditions. There are two main types of caregivers: the â€Å"informal caregivers† are family members or sympathetic friends who care for impaired older people living at home. The â€Å"formal caregivers,† on the other hand, are hired or volunteer workers who are connected either with the health care systems or social service agencies. The tasks associated with caregiving are grouped under two categories, namely: the ‘Activities of Daily Living† (ADLs) and the â€Å"Instrumental Activities of Daily Living† (IADLs). Included under ADLs are activities like getting in or out of bed, taking a bath, getting dressed, and the general toilet use. IADLs, on the other hand, may include meal preparation, general household chores, grocery shopping, and the management of the care receiver’s medication (Nerenberg, 2002). Studies have shown that the greatest negative consequence to caregiving is â€Å"stress† which is believed caused by fatigue due to lack of sleep, improper nutrition, and lack of exercise. Stress is also believed caused by the â€Å"burden† being experienced by caregivers. This burden increases as the level of disability of the care receiver increases, thereby needing a greater extent of care. Some quarters suspect that stress is one of the main reasons for caregivers to â€Å"go over the edge† and consequently abuse their patients (Nerenberg, 2002). For others, however, stress is not a cause but merely an aggravating factor. Abuse, which does not only mean physical injury but also includes â€Å"mental anguish, unreasonable confinement, sexual abuse or exploitation, or financial exploitation† of defenseless older people, are believed by some to be caused by factors like the caregiver’s frustration, sense of isolation, insufficient support from the community, behavior of the care receiver, and the nature of his or her daily tasks (Bratteli, 2003). Bratteli (2003) offered several legal remedies which are expected to prevent caregiver abuse in care facilities, namely: †¢ The care receiver should accomplish a â€Å"Financial Power of Attorney,† a legal document which would appoint his or her attorney-in-fact who will attend to his or her financial matters. This is usually a trusted relative or friend, the appointment of whom will prevent financial exploitation especially when the care receiver is staying in an institution. †¢ Accomplishment of a â€Å"Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care. † This is another legal document which appoints an agent who will decide for the care receiver on matters of healthcare. It contains the care receiver’s preferred method of treatment and would prevent neglect on the part of the caregiver in an institution. Nerenberg (2002), on the other hand, pointed to some techniques and services which are now available which could reduce the risk of abuse on the part of caregivers who care for older people at home. According to her, these techniques and services were specifically developed in order to meet the needs of caregivers in terms of assistance and support. One of these is a program aimed at providing relief. Under this program, employees or volunteer workers visit the patient at home and spend several hours with him or her in order to allow the caregiver to have some rest. Other programs arrange for the care receiver to stay for several days in a care facility to allow the caregiver to enjoy an extended break. Some support services take the form of friendly visits and reassuring telephone calls to address the feeling of isolation by providing â€Å"social contact and emotional support. † These practices also relieve the anxiety being felt by the caregiver. Finally, caregivers should also be provided with informative materials which would teach them the techniques for reducing stress like exercise and proper diet (Nerenberg, 2002). References Bratteli, M. (2003). CAREGIVER ABUSE, NEGLECT AND EXPLOITATION: The Journey Through Caregiving. North Dakota Family Caregiver Project, North Dakota State University. Nerenberg, L. (2002). Caregiver Stress and Elder Abuse. National Center on Elder Abuse. Retrieved April 17, 2008 from http://www. ncea. aoa. gov/NCEAroot/Main_Site/pdf/family/caregiver. pdf

Essay --

Interferon alpha (IFN-ÃŽ ±) is a cytokine released during viral infection. (Rizza, Moretti, & Belardelli, 2010, p. 204) One of its major implications is its ability to enhance the innate and adaptive immune response which is why many patients develop flu like symptoms (Rizza et al., 2010, p. 205). Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients are given IFN-ÃŽ ± because of its ability to increase the functional activity of T cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, promote apoptosis and suppress both angiogenesis and proliferation (Kiladjian, Mesa, & Hoffman, 2011, pp. 4707-4708). IFN-ÃŽ ± is short term because of the symptoms and complications that arise, which are harmful to the body causing patients to cease treatment. This is due to the immune response which can be beneficial in that it provides antitumour immunity but also harmful since it can mediate an autoimmune response (Rizza et al., 2010, p. 205). IFN-ÃŽ ± acts as a signal for the differentiation of monocytes into highly active specialized dendritic cells which take up and present antigens from apoptotic cells which can be caused by...

Heart of Darkness and Coppola’s Essay

   Kurtz was the best agent the Company had – and yet his journey has resulted in his oppressive and tyrannical demeanour; and he unleashed his maddened soul unto his surroundings. Kurtz obviously spent much time dwelling on thoughts and attempts to journey into his soul. The fact that he once travelled down the river with his ivory, and yet turned back after miles of travelling depicts his indecisive nature. Marlow realises this, and sees how torn apart the man really is. He realises that Kurtz’s solitude in the wilderness had allowed him to segregate and isolate everything he had known. With nothing to control him and no voices of reason, his journey into his soul in the end, distorted it into a malicious, gluttonous thing, whereby its greed and passions were to become insatiable, â€Å"But his soul was mad. Being alone in the wilderness, it had looked within itself†¦ it had gone mad. † (pg66) As we approach the end of their journeys, we see that Marlow has salvaged himself from insanity and darkness. Kurtz however, cannot retrieve himself, â€Å"The brown current ran swiftly out of the heart of darkness†¦ as Kurtz’s life was running swiftly too, ebbing, ebbing out of his heart into the sea of inexorable time. † (pg68) The use of metaphors and analogous language explicates that the further Marlow and the others depart in the physical journey, the less the likelihood of Marlow obtaining a deleterious soul. However, inversely, the further Kurtz proceeds away from his physical journey, the ‘heart of darkness’ he entitled to himself – the sooner he faces his cessation. He had desecrated his soul, gratified his monstrous passions to the extent where he would now allow his journey to have a path back. This concept is elucidated in the analogy that he had â€Å"kicked himself from the earth†¦ he had kicked the very earth to pieces.. † (pg66). And so the end of Kurtz’s journey occurs, his final words being â€Å"The horror! The horror! † (pg69). He seemingly passed judgement on his actions and life, his ‘journey’ and he deemed it to be horrid. By the end of his journey, Marlow has an altered perception of life. We see that through this spiritual journey he has gained the ability to understand reasons for barbarous actions; a suggestion that it is only through experience and such a journey, that one could ever understand how and why the mind can turn into such a truculent, repugnant thing. Coppola’s Apocalypse Now presents a mission through the Nung River to reach deeper into a jungle. Captain Willard accepts a mission to exterminate Kurtz, a man who implements unsound methods and is accountable for murder. Here Coppola employs a sound technique, the use of music in a minor key to pose an apprehensive sentiment to the mission. Willard formulates an analogy â€Å"never get out of the boat†¦ unless you were going all the way. Kurtz got off the boat†¦ † Willard interpolates to Kurtz’s mental journey, and how Kurtz ‘got off the boat’, and theoretically straight into the arms of the jungle. Kurtz was a man who had extreme potential and ability to reach high ranks within the army. However, he abandoned this and adventured into the unknown and attained new beliefs and ethics, â€Å"the more I read and began to understand, the more I admired him†¦ he could’ve gone for general†¦ but he went for himself instead. † Willard’s understanding of this is one of the primary indications of his commencement towards his own spiritual journey. Kurtz opens opportunities to Willard – by venturing into Kurtz’s foundations he ventures into his own. During this dialogue we see close up camera angles of Willard, sweaty with a torch and black background, giving him a strong look of obsessiveness. Willard then reads a letter from Kurtz, within the letter is a significant passage, â€Å"there are many moments for compassion†¦ there are many moments for ruthless action. What is called ruthless†¦ may be†¦ seeing clearly what there is to be done and doing it†¦ directly. † Kurtz is attempting to postulate reason and justify his ruthless conduct. Following this the boat halts to inspect a native’s boat. During the examination, the soldiers open fire despite the native’s innocence. They discover a girl is still living, and resolve to accompany her to a hospital. Willard however, determines he must continue on his expedition. He deliberately shoots the girl and thus adopts an aspect of Kurtz, â€Å"seeing clearly what there is to be done and doing it. † A median camera shot encompasses the face, neck and torso of the girl, lifeless and inert, revealing and provoking an increased sense of callousness upon Willard’s part. Eventually Willard encounters Kurtz, and he imparts a recount explicating the barbarity of the Vietcong guerrilla forces, â€Å"And then I realized they were stronger than me because they could stand it†¦ men who are†¦ able to†¦ kill – without feeling, without passion, without judgement†¦ † Upon saying this, his face is shadowed; there is no sound but his echoing words reinforcing the dialogue’s intensity. Although Kurtz may have desired strength and mercilessness, the irony and sarcasm of his stories pose another reason as to why he divaricated from the army. The American army has the ability to kill and wage war, and yet American soldiers still hold to moral values that completely contradict their actions, â€Å"we train young men to drop fire on people. But their commanders won’t allow them to write fuck on their airplanes because it’s obscene†¦ † As Kurtz despises such â€Å"lies†, he comes to believe the ability to endure abominable vulgarity shows true genuine strength, and lacks contradictory behaviour. We thus receive reasoning for Kurtz’s journey. Willard then concludes to slay Kurtz, however it is not for the benefit of the army, â€Å"I wasn’t even in their army anymore†¦ I felt like he was up there waiting for me to take his pain away†¦ † As he sees Kurtz, the music begins to play rapidly to produce anticipation. It is a ritualistic slaughter, with constant cuts to a scene of vicious sacrificial killing of a water buffalo by the natives, insinuating Kurtz as a false deity, having an erroneous journey. He is deservingly being slaughtered like an animal, sacrificed back to his jungle. Kurtz’s last words are â€Å"The Horror, The horror. † Here we perceive an acceptance of iniquity in a human’s soul, the ‘horror’ that can arise when a man delves into his soul, and depraves it through attempts to monopolise it. As Willard exits from slaughtering Kurtz, he has been established as the native’s ‘new deity’. Undershot camera angles endorse Willard’s superior status, his face is smeared in mud and his body is profaned with blood. The music is disturbing (producing an anticipative mood) as he progressively walks through the sea of people. There is the prospect of Willard continuing in Kurtz’s footsteps. However, he advances to his boat. It was through this journey that he was able to comprehend Kurtz’s actions. But Willard himself did not falter over the edge into insanity. The journeys in this case show us that placed into the right scenarios, there does sleep a suppressed greed and insanity in every soul that has the chance to escape if delved into. However, as we can see from Marlow and Willard’s examples, this can be understood and the unleashing of such evil can be avoided. Coppola and Conrad both used their techniques to show this concept and those concepts relating to it. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Joseph Conrad section.

Response to Intervention Essay

â€Å"Of all forms of mental activity, the most difficult to induce even in the minds of the young, who may be presumed not to have lost their flexibility, is the art of handling the same bundle of data as before, but placing them in a new system of relations with one another by giving them a different framework, all of which virtually means putting on a different kind of thinking-cap for the moment. It is easy to teach anybody a new fact†¦but it needs light from heaven above to enable a teacher to break the old framework in which the student is accustomed to seeing. † Arthur Koestler Twenty-first century educational institutions are on a research journey exploring continued models, theories, plans, strategies and so much more to bring resolve to the problems facing our schools. Many schools are facing the ills of low performance and a decline in meeting Adequate Yearly Progress. Plans and studies to improve schools academic performance are on the rise. School leadership and districts continue to explore and search for the perfect research based model that will pull them up and out of the pit of despair to a maximum and successful learning community where students master learning through engaged instructional practices. An alternative to classroom learning experiences evolving on the educational scene is Response to Intervention (RTI). Response to Intervention refers to the many ways created to assist teachers in implementing instruction through new and improved activities that will redirect low performance to successful outcomes. This program was birthed years ago out the policies established from No Child Left Behind. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a researched based model used by school systems all over the country to deter academic and behavioral failure in the educational system. Through the engagement of ‘scientifically based instructional practices’, students embrace the enhanced intervention strategies that allow them to explore educational skills with a confidence that bring successful outcomes. Response to Intervention was created to intercept the struggling performance of student at the risk of academic and/or behavioral failure. Through early detection of specific skills deficiencies, students are identified and immediate assessments are administered. Diagnosis of these deficient skills allows teachers to structure instruction to meet the specific needs of students. Strategic plans are developed to target skills deficiency and an alternative instructional plan is created. The purpose of Response to Intervention is early detection and identification of learning concerns of students and the development of an individualized plan that addresses the appropriate prescription for resolving the students’ academic or behavioral issue. In our twenty-first century learning communities, students are required to participate and are engaged in educational activities that may challenge their ability to grasp the concept in manners conducive to their learning styles. Schools are challenged to examine their methods of instruction to meet the needs of all children making them successful in all areas of academic content. A quality school is a place where students learn to think and apply knowledge to new situations, where students are involved in and excited about their learning, where students make individual gains in process and knowledge, where adults know they care about individual students, where students develop ‘I can’ attitudes and efficacy about learning, and where the type of learning that occurs prepares students for success after school (Gentry, 2006)† In our twenty-first century learning communities, administrative leadership promotes the success of its students by implementing research that is current and best practices. Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium Standard Two which states: A school administrator is an educational leader who promotes the success of all students by advocating, nurturing, and sustaining a school culture and instructional program conducive to student learning and staff professional growth. (ISLLC 2008: 2). † The application of RTI, promotes an intervention plan focused objectives that are measureable and growth results that are observed through weekly progress monitoring. The RTI model is a valuable asset to the educational community due to the programs â€Å"not specifically a special education eligibility tool, rather it is a data-based decision-making system that can be used for all students within the school. † (Wedl, 2005) The application of the various methods of scientific discoveries that support solutions to many of the educational concerns experienced by our students is imperative to their success and confidence. The following is a plan of action based on the Response to Intervention Model that will promote academic success for students lacking proficiency in their educational experiences. Students will be engaged in daily and weekly activities that will enhance their differentiated instruction. This plan is based on the specific features of the Response to Intervention Model that are crucial to the process of instruction. †¢ Tier Model 1, Problem Solving – during the application of this portion of the Response to Intervention Model, all students are engaged in instruction. Many of the academic needs of the students are met in this level. Approximately one hour and thirty minutes of direct core instruction is implemented. Teachers are engaged in developing base line data from student’s response to instruction. The data from student responses should indicate which students are responding below expected levels of proficiency and those students needing enrichment. †¢ Tier Model 2, Problem Solving – during the application of this portion of the Response to Intervention Model, every student may need the interventions of this Tier. Again, one hour and thirty minutes of direct instruction from the core curriculum instruction. An additional twenty to thirty minutes of intense instruction for targeted skills in a small group within the classroom setting. Daily and weekly progress monitoring is necessary to ensure mastery. †¢ Tier Model 3, Problem Solving – during the application of this portion of the Response to Intervention Model, students that show lack of understanding of implemented instruction and are below the level of proficiency at the Tier 2 instructional interventions level, must continue prescribed interventions. At this level of intervention, again one hour and thirty minutes of direct core instruction, and possibly an additional fifty minutes of intense instruction on targeted skills. Homogenous grouping of students in small unit is desirable. Progress monitoring is required and all the while the teacher is data bank to determine continued instruction, needs assessments, updating base-line data, student mastery, and other evaluative factors. After implementing each Tier 1 three weeks of intense interventions should follow. A new Tier is implemented after completing monitoring activities and evaluating the compiled data. Key to the success of the Response to Intervention Model is the consistent progress monitoring of the students responses to the various daily interventions. Also, due to the constant monitoring, early interception of redirecting the students’ lack of understanding, promotes the regular classroom interventions and deters the need for special education. In many cases, statistics reveal that students experience success and mastery of skills through the varied steps of RTI. According to Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium Standard Two, administrative leaders are responsible for establishing an atmosphere and organizational culture conducive for successful academic experiences for every child. The educational performances of our students are founded on the instructional effectiveness of a curriculum structured to strategically provide mastery through systematic, rigorous, and objective teaching. Tracking student progress through informed data is imperative to a teacher’s next step in the model. Throughout the intervention students are provided high quality instruction. Response to Intervention provides a prescriptive plan of success through intense engaged learning. The problem solving techniques and data driven instructional strategies, will provide opportunities of success. With targeted small group skills instruction as necessary for the struggling child, the experience of maximum achievement is inevitable.

Free Essays on Child Labour

Child Labor in the Philippines Exploitation of child workers continues in the Philippines due to the inefficiency of the policies to protect child labor. All people were born with rights. Children are people too; so, children also have rights. These rights are violated through child labor. Child labor is defined as, â€Å"the employment of a child in a business or industry especially in violation of state or federal statutes prohibiting the employment of children under a specified age.† Obviously, it has become a rigid social problem the world over, specifically in third world countries such as the Philippines where child labor is widespread. I will be tackling the cases of child laborers, specifically in the city and in provinces of the Philippines. And as for it being one of the social problems existing in the country and worldwide. The essay focuses on this; it is a known fact that the disadvantages outnumber the advantages of child labor. The purpose of this study is to present the rapid growth or incr ease of child laborers in the Philippines. Another would be to discuss the effects of child labor to the family, and to the economy. Lastly, to cite ways on how to stop child labor. Child labor first appeared with the development of the domestic system. In this type of production an entrepreneur â€Å"bought raw materials to be put out to the homes of workmen to be spun, woven, sewn, or handled in some other manner.† This permitted a division of labor and a degree of specialization among various families. Pay was by piece, and children were extensively used at whatever task they could perform. â€Å"This system was important in England and in North America from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century and it lingers up to the present in some industries and, in some countries† including the Philippines. The kid who is coerced to beg on streets and helps make money for professional beggars. The child prostitute who helps by the touri... Free Essays on Child Labour Free Essays on Child Labour Child Labor in the Philippines Exploitation of child workers continues in the Philippines due to the inefficiency of the policies to protect child labor. All people were born with rights. Children are people too; so, children also have rights. These rights are violated through child labor. Child labor is defined as, â€Å"the employment of a child in a business or industry especially in violation of state or federal statutes prohibiting the employment of children under a specified age.† Obviously, it has become a rigid social problem the world over, specifically in third world countries such as the Philippines where child labor is widespread. I will be tackling the cases of child laborers, specifically in the city and in provinces of the Philippines. And as for it being one of the social problems existing in the country and worldwide. The essay focuses on this; it is a known fact that the disadvantages outnumber the advantages of child labor. The purpose of this study is to present the rapid growth or incr ease of child laborers in the Philippines. Another would be to discuss the effects of child labor to the family, and to the economy. Lastly, to cite ways on how to stop child labor. Child labor first appeared with the development of the domestic system. In this type of production an entrepreneur â€Å"bought raw materials to be put out to the homes of workmen to be spun, woven, sewn, or handled in some other manner.† This permitted a division of labor and a degree of specialization among various families. Pay was by piece, and children were extensively used at whatever task they could perform. â€Å"This system was important in England and in North America from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century and it lingers up to the present in some industries and, in some countries† including the Philippines. The kid who is coerced to beg on streets and helps make money for professional beggars. The child prostitute who helps by the touri...

The Difference Between Of and From

The Difference Between 'Of' and 'From' Many English learners have difficulties understanding the difference between of and from in English. This comes from the fact that a number of languages, like Italian and French and German, use the same preposition for both of and from. For example, in Italian, the phrase I am from Milan or I come from Milan can be translated as, Sono di Milano. The possessive use of of in English can also use the preposition di in Italian. For example, the phrase, Hes a friend of ours can be translated into Italian as, E un amico di noi. In other words, the preposition di in Italian corresponds to the use of both from and of in English. This is true in many languages. In English, however, there is a distinct difference between of and from. Using Of in a Sentence Of is mainly used as a possessive. For example: Hes a friend of mine.The color of the house is red. It is important to remember that it is more common to use the possessive s or the possessive adjective in English than to use of- even if of is grammatically correct. Thus, the sentences above would generally be in these forms: Hes my friend.The houses color is red. Common Phrases With Of Of is also commonly used with all and both to describe a common trait that many objects share. For example: All of the students in the class enjoy volleyball.Both of the assignments are due at the end of the week. Common Phrases With Of Another common phrase with of is one of the superlative form plural noun singular verb. This phrase is commonly used to focus on a specific object that stands out from a group. Notice that although the plural noun is used, the singular phrase takes the singular conjugation of the verb because the subject is One of the.... For example: One of the most interesting things about my job is the people I meet.One of the most difficult subjects for me is math. Using From in a Sentence From is generally used to express that something originates from something else, that something comes from somewhere, or some person. For example: Jack comes from Portland.This formula derives from the work of Peter Schimmel.This pearl comes from the South Pacific. Common Phrases With From From can also be used with the prepositions to and until to mark the beginning and ending point of time of an action or state. Generally, from...to is used with past tenses, while from...until is used when speaking about future actions. However, from...to can be used in most situations. For example: I played tennis from two to four in the afternoon yesterday.We are meeting in Chicago from Monday until Thursday. Understanding the difference between of  and from can be tricky at first for ESL students, but like all commonly-confused words, the difference between them becomes more clear the more they are used.

Car company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Car company - Essay Example The political, economic, legal, ecological and technological environment has an impact on the progress of the retail business. The profit potential within the target market is promising for the company but a competitive advantage is aimed to be reached over the already established competitors through application of appropriate strategy in the marketing mix. The staffing policy of FastCar Motors is in line with the legal framework of the government and it seeks to develop and train the employees to ensure that they have knowledge on the application of technology in the care retail business to facilitate the growth of the company. The directors of the FastCar Motors comprise of the management team of the company who include the company CEO, the General Manger, Sales Manager and Human Resource Manager whose roles are stipulated in the organizational structure. The automobile industry within the UK is growing at a very fast pace with the implementation of modern technology in the production of automobiles especially sports cars such as Daimler, McLaren, Aston Martin, Rolls-Royce and Lotus. The car producers in the UK such as Toyota, Ford, Nissan and Honda have established themselves in the automobile business over time despite the challenges and competition within this industry. Chatal, Haugh and Mourougane (2010) say that since the 19th century the automobile industry in the UK has developed in terms of production and export. There was notable decline in the rate of growth of the car manufacturing industry in the UK as compared to the competing companies in Japan, France and Germany before 2008. The growth of the car manufacturing industry of the UK began to be experienced after 2008 with the country being rated among the producers of large car volumes. This is in contrast to the early 1980s when many British car manufacturers were owned by foreign firms. The UK car manufacturing industry can therefore be

IP Internetworking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IP Internetworking - Assignment Example It also concerns with ensuring that the wide area network at Houston is in a position of accommodating the traffic in the entire network. Whereas using static addresses has its advantages, the biggest downside is high administrative demands even when minor changes occur in the network. To cater for this, the new phase will use dynamic addressing system so that the hosts acquire Internet protocol automatically. As a result, this lowers the administrative overhead. The virtual local area network is from the departments available in XUM. Consequently, the VLANs are sales vlan2, finance vlan3, human resources vlan4, research and development vlan5, default vlan1 and management vlan6. The creation of the VLAN at XUM results from the departments available. Therefore, there are four data VLANs namely sales VLAN2, finance VLAN3, human resource VLAN4, Research, and development VLAN5. In addition, a native VLAN is the default VLAN1. Furthermore, there is a management VLAN VLAN6 that gets IP addresses to enable the management to manage the switch. It has been possible with remote control tools that allow management to ssh or telnet the switch through the management VLAN. To allow for communication of personal computers on similar VLANs but separated by a switch or a number of switches, a trunk link now exists between the switches. The manager sets the range of virtual local area networks that can communicate via the trunk link (Ahmad, 2002). Trunking is the best method. It was in comparison to creating physical relationships of various VLANs among the switches. In this case, between one switch and another there would have been six links, which would have wasted twelve ports. Further, it means that each of the individual links has different port numbers that make their management extremely difficult in case the network expands to accommodate twice or more the number of VLANS already existing. Use of dynamic trunking protocol has enabled

The History of circumcision in Jewish religion Research Paper

The History of circumcision in Jewish religion - Research Paper Example Hypotheses explain: to mark the beginning of adulthood, to demonstrate higher social status, to extend sexual pleasure, for personal hygiene. Nonetheless, no one can truly explain the reasons behind emergence of this culture and why it spread. Male circumcision consists of the surgical removal of some, or all, of the foreskin (or prepuce) from the penis. It is one of the most common procedures in the world. For followers of Islamic and Jewish religion it is religious ritual. In the United States, it is practiced mainly for hygienic reasons (3). Judaism adopted circumcision thru Moses who left Egypt with Hebrew Slaves. Moses is considered to be the Father of Jewish laws, traditions, and administrative authority. Commandant of circumcision plays significant role in Jewish religion, as some rabbis believed that Mosses was not admitted into Heaven, as he was not circumcised. Circumcision is an outward physical sign for Jewish people that show the eternal covenant between God and Jewish people. It also depicts that Jewish people will be perpetuated through the circumcised man. Because of fulfillment of commandant of circumcision, God in return ensures fertility to the Jewish people. Circumcision is applied to all male Jewish and it is a religious ritual. Circumcision, according to the Jewish custom is typically being performed on the eighth day after birth. Since the time of Mosses, it has been the symbolic confirmation the male infant spiritually belongs to Jewish community. Judaism teaches that GOD gave the Jews 613 commandants, and one out them is called Brit Millah, which literally translates to Covenant of Circumcision. The commandant of circumcision is given at Genesis 17:10-14 and Lev. 12:3 (4). This covenant was originally made with Abraham. This ritual ever since the time of Abraham has been practiced for close to 4,000 years (6) . In the Torah, God says to Abraham that circumcision is a part man’s

Attachment Theory Analysis Development And Application Psychology Essay

Attachment Theory Analysis Development And Application Psychology Essay This paper focuses on the concept of attachment theory. We begin with an analysis of what it is and its development and the founders and important people who have applied and developed it. We then present its applications in the modern psychology. Attachment can be defined as the emotional bond that connects one person with another. This theory was first advanced by psychologist John Bowl by and he described it as a lasting psychological connectedness between human beings (Bowlby, 1969). He believed that the initial bond that is formed by children with their parent or caregivers have very important impact upon their entire lives. According to him, the attachment is very fundamental in ensuring that the childs chances of survival are enhanced. The main theme in the theory of attachment revolves around the notion that mothers who are responsive and available to the needs of their children usually establish some sense of security. The infant are therefore ware of the fact that such a bond with a dependable parent or caregiver is important for their security and safety. This gives them a well secured platform to explore the world at large. The main characteristics of attachment Secure base This is when the caregiver or parent provides a dependable and secure base for the child to explore the world. Safe haven This is exhibited when the child feels afraid and threatened. They do therefore turn back to their caregiver to seek comfort Maintenance of proximity This is exhibited when the child makes efforts to be as close to the caregiver or parent as much as possible in order to keep themselves safe. Distress of separation The Ainsworths theory of Strange Situation Mary Ainsworth, a psychologist in 1970s carried out research that expounded immensely on the work of Bowlbys. Her famous theory of Strange Situation revealed that there is a notable effects of attachment on the human behavior. The study which she conducted entailed an observation of children aged between 12 and 18 months who were being watched as they responded to various situations in which they were left alone for a short period of time. The infants were then reunited with their mothers as pointed out by (Ainsworth, 1978). On the basis of the observed responses, Ainsworth came up with three main styles of attachment which were: Secure attachment Ambivalent-insecure attachment Avoidant-insecure attachment However, later on, the work of Main and Solomon (1986) saw the addition of an extra style of attachment referred to as disorganized-insecure attachment. Several other studies have shown that the various attachment styles have a profound influence on the behavior of humans in their later lives. Detailed characteristics of attachments Secure attachment Children who are securely attached do exhibit a lot of distress when they get separated from their caregivers. They do however become happy on the return of their caregiver. It is worth pointing out the fact that these children do feel secure and are able to depend entirely on their parents ar caregivers. Whenever the caregiver or parent leaves, they may feel upset but with the knowledge and hope that their caregiver would soon come back. In case they get frightened by anything, these securely attached children would seek the comfort and protection of their caregivers. They know their parents and caregivers and their ability to provide them with assurance and comfort. Ambivalent attachment The ambivalently attached children normally do become distressed whenever their caregivers leave them. This form of attachment is usually uncommon and is therefore observable in just a small percentage of American children. It has been shown through research that ambivalent children are a product of poor maternal availability. These children however, cannot rely on their parents availability for their needs to be met. Avoidant attachment This form of attachment is characterized with children who try at all costs to avoid their parents or primary caregivers. In case they get offered a chance, they would show no form of preference between their caregivers and new people who are considered total strangers. Research work has indicated that this form of attachment comes about as a result of a neglectful or abusive caregiver. This therefore means that children who get penalized or punished fpor their reliance on their caregivers would soon learn to avoid seeking their help in the future. The problems with attachment There are a myriad of problems that affects attachments. The questions that most people may ask are what happens to infant who do not form some form of secure attachment. Extant literature suggests that in case there is a failure to be part of a secure attachment during infancy, then there is bound to be negative impact on the behavior of the affected individual. This is notable in the early childhood as well as during adulthood. The children who are diagnosed with oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or conduct disorder (CD) usually show signs of attachment related problems. This is possibly as a result of : Early abuse Neglect and Trauma. It has been suggested by clinicians that early attachments do have very serious effects on the future relationships .For example, people who are securely attached during their childhood do tend to have positive qualities such as: Good self esteem Strong romantic relationships Ability to disclose oneself to other people. It has been suggested by several theorists that the attachment theory is a special kind of psychological theory that gives a description as well as explanation to be used as a theoretical framework necessary for discussing the various types of affectionate relationships that do exist between individuals. This theory which got its origin from John Bowlby in 1969 has continued to be influential as a logical framework to be utilized in the explanation of interpersonal relationships as pointed out by (Hazan, Shaver, 1987). Bowlbys theory was heavily influenced by the work of Harry Harlow. Harlow is the one who made a discovery that infant monkeys that got separated from their caregivers (mothers) ended up clinging to objects that were as fluffy as their mothers as opposed to the wire-coated food sispensers.This was a strong indication that the infants had a strong need to be nurtured as poited out by Harlow Suomi (1970).It was the belief of Bowlby that the attachment style of an individual is developed in their childhood and gets heavy influence by the infants relationship with the primary caregiver. His other belief was that an individual style of attachment is durable and has a strong influence on the way the person would relate to others through our their life time (Bowlby, 1969).There are however some theorist who challenge this notion. Secure attachment style This is the very first attachment style. Individuals who are securely attached have very low self esteem coupled with low avoidance. They however have positive attitudes towards themselves and towards the rest of the people. In order to promote secure attachment in children, it is important for the primary caregivers to be dependable, supportive and provide a safe haven as pointed out by Bartholomew Horowitz (1991). Ainsworths strange situation study revealed that securely attached children are characterized by several behaviors such as protestation of their caregivers departure while having the ability to begin being in happy mood only to welcome the departed caregiver and be reassured once again of their comfort as outlined by Tracy Ainsworth (1981). There are other benefits that come with being securely attached. These include the ability to form very close and intimate relationships with very little ease while being comfortable with the autonomy. Secure adults usually feel like they are worthless and have expectations that other persons will be accepting while being responsive at the same time as outlined by (Hazan Shaver, 1987). The diminishing attachment style This form of attachment is characterized by individuals who have low anxiety coupled with a rather high avoidance. Therefore, they do have a positive attitude towards their existence. They however do have a high avoidance of others. This form of attachment is observable in children and is formed whenever an infants bid to gain comfort are rejected and their primary care givers are hesitant and generally reluctant to allow body contact between them. This makes them to pick up their young ones in very abrupt manner. There is also an element of controlling behavior with very limited emotional response as indicated by (Hazan Shaver, 1987). An observation by Ainsworth shown that children who are dismissing had a characteristic of not being distressed by the departure of their caregivers and they were also not too much bothered by their return. This observation was reported by (Tracy Ainsworth, 1981). In adults It is also a general fact that adults who belong to the category of the dismissing individuals do feel a certain sense of worthiness. They however possess a very negative disposition towards other individuals. They do have a self protection mechanism that involves the avoidance of very close relationships and the maintenance of a general sense of independence coupled with invulnerability. The preoccupied (Fearful avoidant attachment styles) This third attachment style is referred to as the preoccupied style. These persons do experience a very high level of anxiety coupled with low avoidance. Therefore they get preoccupied and do feel on a constant basis, a sense of unlovabililty along with that of unworthiness that is combined with an affirmative evaluation of others. The preoccupied style is usually formed whenever a primary care giver is inconsistent in their manner of parenting. This is marked with being loving while being responsive. This is however true only when they are able to manage but not in their response to the childs signals as pointed out by Cassidy (2000). In adults Several adults have been shown to be exhibiting this style and they are known to be in a constant quest to be accepted by others through the gaining of acceptance of other individuals in the community. Fearful avoidant style This is the last type of avoidance styles It comprises of highly negative individuals.They do have: High anxiety High avoidance They also feel the following: Unworthy Unlovable They view people negatively and regard them as either rejecting or untrustworthy. Due to this, they usually avoid very close relationship and try to avoid being rejected at all costs. This group is made up of individuals who have been abused and neglected as pointed out by (Bartholomew Horowitz, 1991). The durability of the attachment styles The durability in this case refers to the state of stability of the attachment styles. This has however been a subject of too much controversy and debate. The attachment theory postulates that after repeated experiences during an individuals childhood, they do while in infancy, develop a string of knowledge structures a concept that can also be referred to as an inner working model that acts as a representative of the various several interactions that the infant had while they were with their primary care giver. The infant then learns of the fact that whenever their primary caregivers get responsive then they have an opportunity of counting on them as well as others should need be. On the other hand, in case the primary care givers are cold, unresponsive and inconsistent, then the child would soon learn to ignore or rather neglect their role in his or her life in regards to gaining comfort. . This model has for a long time been thought of as being persistent throughout the life of an individual and can be considered to act for them as some sort of a guide as illustrated by Fraley, (2002). In order to support this model, we bring out the fact that adults generally do tend to be more attentive to situations that bring out their experiences and to information that is in congruence with their worldly expectations. This is called the confirmation bias In order to illustrate this, we look at the study that was conducted by Simpson, Rholes, Nelligan in 1992 that portrayed that people who have avoidant working models with a general view of others as being unreliable did also vies social scenarios as being ambiguous. A study conducted by Roisman, Collins, Sroufe, Egeland (2005) in order to explore if an infants style of attachment could be predictive of their adult hood indicated that: A secure mind state in regard to one;s romantic relationship and better of (high quality) romantic relationship is usually a result of a secured attachment relationship that took place in infancy. In yet another study by Torgersen, Grova, Sommerstand, (2007) whose research relied on the test results of hypothesis that purported that attachment in most adults is heavily influenced by certain genetic factors. This was done through a comparison of both monozygotic as well as dizygotic twins attachment styles. Their result is was that both the environment and the genes have a profound influence on attachment Recent theories Several recent theories dispute this notion. They do propose however that the durability of a certain style is a functions of the stability of an individuals environment. This can be illustrated with a consideration of the experiences of new relationships and formation of new attachments both of which can bring about positive influence on an individuals working model. It is worth noting that the attachment theory is very crucial in the explanation of an individuals interpersonal relationship in a lifetime. The four proposed attachments styles: Secure Preoccupied Dismissing and Fearful avoidant Are all crucial in the explanation of an individuals interpersonal relationship. It is important to note that the durability of attachment has been questioned and more research is going on this. Applications to social phenomena Attachment theory in raising children Attachment is the link that forms between the person taking care of an infant and the infant itself from when it is between eight to nine months of age, giving the child security emotionally. Bonding starts from when a child is being given food, and goes on to participating in pseudo-dialogue and then it is followed by the child taking part in more active roles of proto dialogue, as shown by Kaye (1982), other ideas such as inter-subjectivity and scaffolding have been looked into by psychologists. As an infant continues growing, their attention towards the person taking care of them increases. John Bowlby (1958, 1980) founder of the attachment theory was involved in extensive analysis on the emotional link between infants and adults and he had a strong belief that the early relationships greatly determined the emotional and behavioral growth of a child. An earlier study done by Bowlby in 1944 found out that children who had an unstable upbringing where more likely to become juvenile derelicts. His work is often free to criticism and has been improved on with further research. Other following research has measured different levels of security and insecurity in children from early times by use of the method known as Strange Situation Test. Other explorations have also shown different types of the difficult habits and how a child may relate with the person taking care of them actively. Bowlbys theory was founded on ideas from ethology studies and earlier works. The psychodynamic theory as put by Sigmund Freund was very pertinent during the 50s following the Second World War when women were taking up caring for households and playing motherhood roles as men were going back to employment post war. Sigmund believed that every child ought to have a relationship with one caregiver monotropism and that separating from this person would bring about the proximity promoting behaviors in the attachment order. The caregiver coming would cause the behaviors of, clinging, making noise and crying to come to an end. The protected grounds of the affectionate links present between the parent and infant representation becomes part and parcel of the inner working model. These therefore become the heart and the base of all close relationship during continuation of the childs life all through to adulthood. The interference of a mother and childs relationship through lack of emotion, se paration and bereavement to the bonding process. Bowlbys theory of maternal deprivation (1951, 1953) was supported by Konrad Lorenz imprinting study on the young ones of animals done in 1966. He believed that the childs caregiver should impress as a constant figure, and that lack of maternal links between mother and child could be dangerous to the childs health mentally and could cause delinquency. His opinions on long term organizational care were that if a child was placed in a foster home before reaching two years and six months social, emotional and cognitive development may not be delayed but his other works show there has been varying types of parting in youth with serious behavioral issues. Attachment behavior as looked into by Mary Ainsworth works (1985) Ainsworth Bell, (1974) Ainsworth et al (1978) becomes the base for all potential connections and this develops up to two years from the time the child is born. She also agreed with Bowlby on the opinion that the process of attachment bonding occurs at the age of two years. Roughly when the infant is about 7 months old when they get to be watchful of strangers and unknown environments. This continues until the child attains two years of age. The process Ainsworth (1969) investigated to determine if a child was securely or insecurely connected was the strange situation paradigm. This involved a series of short separations and reunions. The childs parent and a person unknown to the child took part in the study with a child aged one year, there were eight series in total and Ainsworths measurement on secure and insecure connection was founded on the reunion scene of how the child reacted in such a situation. Evaluation was carried out using four different variables. The results showed that there were three main varying styles of adjusting. Type A was the anxious and avoidant. The Type B secure while the Type C was the anxious and ambivalent. Most children showed secure attachment; one fifth of them showed anxious/avoidant and one tenth showed anxious/amb ivalent. Main and Solomon (1990) introduced yet another variable, D Type: which in recent times was disorganized to match the behaviors of children in risky environments. The strange situation paradigm, has been faulted by Judy Dunn (1982, 1983), she believed that children from varying backgrounds like institutional care and those living with their families may bring different meanings to the test and the childs environment. The method and results of the experiment are doubted even by Judy Dunn herself. In another study carried out by Richman in 1982 et al it showed that different dangerous factors of disturbed behavior can be evident from the time a child is three years old. Some of the factors known to influence a childs emotional development are the mothers mental state, marital stability and the parents attitudes to the child. The childs active part must also be taken into consideration when giving advice on bringing up children as is shown in Sameroffs 1991 transactional model, as children interact with their environments, while the caregiver develops the childs behavior and how they will relate in future. In Ainsworth and Bowlbys view in which they both agree relationships are universal it can said that different peoples and cultures have different degrees on to what degree or amount of time an infant should be left alone, Japanese, the Chinese and the Israeli results showed Type C in a research done across cultures by one Marinus van Ijzendoorn and Peter Kroonenberg in 1988. Problems could also be with the ethological view of drawing comparisons between children and the young ones of animals as they could be controlled by an instinct. Bowlby considered only the effect on the child by the caregiver yet other factors could affect this such as the child moods. A mother whose child has a thorny mood could prefer to work and leave their child in a day facility which in turn could have a negative effect on the mother being unable to leave the child behind with other people. The mothers patience and the look of the goodness of fit. Researchers Chess and Thomas (1984) suggested that attachme nt could impact on the behavior and a reflection on the attachment link between the child and the primary caregiver (mother). Bowbly and Ainsworth worked together in the development of secure links as per the sensitive mothering of a child in its first year but it could have an impact on the mother as argued by Woollet and Pheonix in 1991, where if she has to abandon all her earlier work and duties possibly leading to frustrations. A workable alternative is to share the responsibility of parenting but this notion would appear to be contrast to the opinion of Ainsworth and Bowlby. The showing of the movie A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, by James Robertson in 1952 showed the stress and pains of a child separated from the mother during a long stay in hospital. During this period mothers were advised not to pay regular visits to their children while in hospital. According to Ainsworth and Bowlby ,the abrupt and premature separation of the child could have terribly affected its emotional wellbeing and the bonding process. Separation and providing alternative means for taking care of the child have been researched on more recently. Day care was among the topics researched into by Bowlby and his belief was that that if a child started nursery schooling before attaining three years of age, it would also cause irreparable damage to the child. However, recent studies done during the 70s and 80s have shown varying opinions and this was proved in a research carried out by Laurence Steinberg and Jan Belsky in 1978 and in yet another study done by Clarke-Stewart and Fein (1983). A much later study done by Belsky (1988), had different views as mothers who worked for more than 20 hours a week showed a higher level of insecure attachment as compared to his earlier study which found absolutely no problems with taking children for day care, Clarke-Stewart opposed this data. Other crucial factors that needed to be taken into consideration according to Belsky were the difference in the surroundings, the children in the day care facility, the staff at the day care and the quality of the day care. Appendix A: Figure 1: Attachment models source (http://www.personalityresearch.org/attachment.html)

history of the internet :: essays research papers

In 1964, the RAND proposal was put forward. Written by Paul Baran, this proposal stated the principles of a new network which was to be built for maximum strength and flexibility. This new network would have no central authority. The principles of this network were that all the nodes would be equal in status and each could send and receive messages. All the messages would be sent in packets, each with its own address. These packets would be sent at one node and would arrive at another one. This may seem rather obvious, but what was new was that the way the packets went through the net was not important. That means that if one node was destroyed, the rest of the nodes would still be able to communicate. This is of course was inefficient and rather slow, but extremely reliable. The Internet still uses this method nowadays, and there has been only one collective crash so far. The Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) wanted to install an advanced network based on the principles in the US. The network was called ARPANET and consisted of four high speed computers (nodes). In 1969, the first node was installed in UCLA. By 1971 there were 23 nodes on ARPANET. In 1972 the first e-mail program was created by Ray Tomlinson of BBN. He chose the @ symbol to link the username to the address. Telnet protocol allowed logging on to a distant computer. It was published as Request for Comments (RFC). These were means of sharing developmental work throughout the network community. Instead of using the ARPANET for long distance computing, the scientists used it for communicating with each other. Each user had his/her own e-mail address. In 1973, â€Å"Development began on the protocol later to be called TCP/IP, it was developed by a group headed by Vinton Cerf from Stanford and Bob Kahn from DARPA. This new protocol was to allow diverse computer networks to interconnect and communicate with each other (Kristula 1974-1983).† During its development was when the term Internet was first used. TCP/IP was adopted by the Department of Defense in 1980 replacing the old NCP and became universal in 1983. Also in 1983 ARPANET split into ARPANET and the military segment, MILNET. MILNET became integrated with the Defense Data Network created the previous year. Thanks to TCP/IP and its decentralized structure, ARPANET grew and grew during the early eighties.

Private Tutions Are a Necessary Evil

[email  protected] org Class-9th Subject- History/Civics Short answer questions Civics Q. 1. Q. 2. Q. 3. Q. 4. Q. 5. Q. 6. Q. 7. Q. 8. Chapter Political Parties Define a Political party. Give any two ingredients of a political party. Give two reasons to explain why the candidates belong to political parties. Name the three party systems prevalent in the modern world. The bi party system is regarded as the best system for democratic countries. Give the demerits of Multi party system. Mention the two types of parties in India.What are National parties? Give their importance. Q. 9. What are Regional parties? Give their importance. Q. 10. Differentiate between National and regional parties. Q. 11. Name two national and two regional parties of India. Q. 12. Give any two policies of the following parties. i) Indian National Congress. ii) Janta Dal iii) Bhartiya Janta Party. iv) Communist Party of India (CPI) v) Communist Party of India. (M) Chapter Local Self Government (Rural) What is L ocal Self Government? What is Local Government? Why do we need a local self Government?Which committee suggested ways to set up the Panchayati Raj in India and when? Give the three levels of the rural local self Government? Name the local body formed at the village level. Give the Composition of a Gram Sabha. Give the Sources of income of a Gram Sabha. Mention any three functions of a Gram Sabha. Name the executive body of a Gram Sabha. How is a Gram Panchayat formed? Give any three functions of a Gram Panchayat. Name the local body at the block level in rural local self Government. What is a Nyaya Panchayat? What is its significance? Q. 15.What are the other names of the Panchayat Samiti? Q. 1. Q. 2. Q. 3. Q. 4. Q. 5. Q. 6. Q. 7. Q. 8. Q. 9. Q. 10. Q. 11. Q. 12. Q. 13. Q. 14. Discuss. conta[email  protected] org Q. 16. Q. 17. Q. 18. Q. 19. Q. 20. Q. 21. Q. 22. Q. 23. Explain any three functions of a Panchayat Samiti. Name the highest local body in rural local self Government. Who are the members of a Zila Parishad? Mention any five duties of Zila Parishad. Mention any two achievements of Panchayat Raj. Mention any two short comings of Panchayati Raj. How is the administration of a district looked after?What are the functions of a District Collector? History Chapter Renaissance. Q. 1. What marks the end of the Middle Ages and the advent of the Modern Age? Q. 2. Define Renaissance. Q. 3. What was the role of the Church in the life of the people during the Medieval Age, Q. 4. What are the Chief features of the Renaissance? Q. 5. Name some fore runners of the Renaissance. Q. 6. What were crusades? Q. 7. How did the Geographical explorations contribute to the Renaissance movement? Q. 8. Where and when was the first printing press set up? Q. 9.Who was called ‘the father of humanism’? Q. 10. Name the book written by Machiavelli. Q. 11. Who was called the father of English poetry? Name his out standing work. Q. 12. Who wrote ‘Paradise Lostâ€℠¢? Q. 13. Who was called the ‘First Modern Man’? Q. 14. Name the book written by Erasmus. Q. 15. Name the immortal works of Leonardo-de Vinice. Q. 16. Name the master pieces of art of Michael Angelo. Q. 17. Who made the door of Baptistry of Florence? Q. 18. Name the master prices of art that revealed the artistic skill of the sculptors of the Renaissance period.Q. 19. Name the Statues Carved out by Michael Angelo. Q. 20. Name the churches built by the Renaissance architects. Q. 21. Give the examples of Renaissance architecture. Q. 22. Name the leading musician of the Roman School and his book on music. Q. 23. Name the famous musicians of the School of Venice. Q. 24. What was John Kepler’s contribution in the field of astronomy? Q. 25. Give the inventions of Galleo and Sir Isaac Newton. Q. 26. Who discovered Carbon dioxide? Q. 27. Name some inventions of the Renaissance period. [email  protected] org