The Triple E Senate Of Canada Essay Example For Students

The Triple E Senate Of Canada Essay The Triple E Senate of CanadaPublic interest in the Senate is currently stronger than it ever hasbeen.Nearly everyone agrees that our present Senate is unsatisfactory. Political parties such as the New Democratic Party want the outright abolitionof the Senate while others such as the Reform Party want to elect it.Since theSenate has not been considered an effective forum for regional representation-which was one of the reasons for its creation-many Canadians have wondered whatreforms would allow it to perform that role better.The objectives of Senatereform are based on one idea, that of enhancing the quality of regionalrepresentation of politicians within national political institutions.Throughthe implementation of a Triple E Senate (Equal, Effective, Elected), a federalprinciple can be constructed into the national government and therefore providea check on the majority in the House of Commons. We will write a custom essay on The Triple E Senate Of Canada specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now A major function of second chambers is legislative review. This meansthat bills coming from the other house are examined, revised and sometimesdelayed.Unless regional representation is included, the legislative reviewfunction does not examine the purpose of proposed legislation, but insteadattempts to improve it technically. In federal systems, the legislative reviewfunction of the Senate is only secondary to their role in providing forrepresentation for various parts of the country in the national legislature. Representation is selected in favour of the smaller regions, in contrast to thefirst chamber, where representation is always based on population. Thereforethe functions associated with the Senate are legislative review and therepresentation of the various regions on a different basis from the lower house. The Fathers of Confederation originally intended for the Senate to playthe legislative review role.As sir John A. MacDonald said, the Senate was tohave the sober second thought in legislation and should not be a mere chamberfor registering the decrees of the Lower House. They also agreed on aparticular qualification of Senators, which was intended to help them act as acheck against the majority in the Lower House.This qualification has remainedunchanged since 1867, but its practical meaning has long been discarded. The other major role meant for the Senate was to preserve what MacDonaldcalled sectional interests.It is believed that this agreement aboutrepresentation in the Senate was the main factor that allowed the Canadianfederation to be formed. The Senate has functioned quite effectively as ahouse of legislative review up to the present time, but its intended role inregional representation has not been as effectively performed. seventy-five),the Senates ability to represent the regions of Canada has been weakened. During long appointments, the responsiveness to the views and concerns of therepresented is not always guaranteed.There is also no obligation to account totheir respective regions and their representation is not put to any public test. Even if Senators did perform an adequate role as representatives, the publicmight not see it in the light. The implementation of a Senate which is elected rather than appointedwould ensure that representatives were more responsive to the public.It wouldalso give the Senate the authority to exercise the substantial powers given toit by the Canadian Constitution.Any political institution can obtain formal orlegal powers, but if the public does not want them to use it, these powers maynot be exercised. In addition, most Canadians have reservations aboutappointments to a legislative body for such a long term in this, a moredemocratic age than when the Senate was established. Senators in our Upper House do not really represent anyone except forthe one who appointed them-the Prime Minister.It is because of this reasonthat they cannot effectively express the views of anyone since their appointmentlacks legitimacy in our democratic age.However, when Senators criticize anddelay the legislative process, they only remind us of how much could beaccomplished effectively if only they represented the people who had electedthem. .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 , .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .postImageUrl , .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 , .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32:hover , .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32:visited , .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32:active { border:0!important; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32:active , .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32 .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc90b022427ec2528a47ef981c4fc6f32:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mental Illness in Sylvia Plath's The Bell Jar Plat EssayAnother important function of second chambers in federal systems likeCanadas is the representation of the regions on a basis other thanrepresentation by population.When different people from different regions wishto achieve a common goal while protecting their respective regionally-baseddifferences against majority rule, a federal system of government is utilized. When this is the case, the Upper House is seen as a political check on the ruleof a simple majority.It also reflects the diverse interests of the regions ofthe federation to the lower chamber. In countries like Canada where there are two distinct linguistic groupsgeographically concentrated within its borders, protection of the interests ofthe minority group can be established through specially weighted representationof the political units in the second chamber. It was because of this reasonthat the French-speaking Fathers of Confederation sought equal representation inthe Senate for the three original regions (Quebec, Ontario and the Maritimes). This would balance out the House of Commons where there was no guarantee ofproportional francophone representation. As it stands today, the Senate has 104 seats, which are divided into 4divisions.Ontario, Quebec, the Maritimes and the western provinces each share24 seats.Newfoundland has 6 seats while the Yukon and Northwest Territorieshave 1 ea..ch.In the case of Quebec, 24 regions were created in order to have abalance of anglophone and francophone representatives.Under the proposedTriple E Senate, there would be 6 representatives from each and every provincewhile the territories had one each.This would provide for a new 62 memberSenate which would be elected at the same time as Members of Parliament.Theonly exception would be Quebec where Senators would be hand-chosen by theNational Assembly. The principle of equality simply means that every province or regionwould be equally represented in the Senate regardless of its population.Theneed for equal representation arises when provinces like Ontario are compared toPrince Edward Island, Since Ontarios population is so huge compared to manyother provinces, it along with Quebec could automatically become the majority inthe Commons when their interests were similar.The comparison between Ontarioand Prince Edward Island might be a bit extreme, but what it really equates tois that Alberta and other provinces cannot have the same powers as Ontario andQuebec. With equal representation, no province would have to worry about beingoutvoted by such a wide margin that the interests of the citizens werecompletely ignored. The Government of Canada stresses the importance in strengthening therole of the Senate in representing people from all parts of the country.Equalrepresentation allows the Parliament to speak and act with greater authority onbehalf of all Canadians.Meanwhile, a delicate equilibrium must be establishedif the Senates role in regional representation is to be upgraded whilemaintaining the effectiveness of Parliament. At the time of its creation, the Senate was assigned extensive formalauthority and with only two qualifications, it would be equal in power to theHouse of Commons.Not until recently were limitations placed on the UpperChambers powers as a result of constitutional amendments.However, even today,no federal legislation can be passed until it has been passed by majorities inboth the Senate and the House of Commons. The problem of the present Senate isnot a lack of power, but the lack of confidence and legitimacy that would allowit to maintain and use that power.The Canadian Upper House has all the formallegal power imaginable, including a complete veto on any and all governmentlegislation. Even with so much power, the Senate has felt no justification indefying the Lower House ever since the widespread democratic sentiment in Canadanot long after Confederation. Another reason for the Senates past ineffectiveness is due to the factthat Senate appointments are partisan in nature.The majority in the UpperHouse would usually correspond to the majority in the Lower House sinceappointments were made by the Prime Minister.The House of Commons willcontinue to be the subject to tight party discipline, whereas it can be lessstrict in the Senate, since it was designed so that it does not control the fateof the government.Another reason is because the majority of amendments tobills have been introduced to the Senate after it was already approved by theHouse of Commons.Therefore, it did not really matter whether or not there wasa majority in both chambers by the same party. .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 , .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .postImageUrl , .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 , .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6:hover , .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6:visited , .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6:active { border:0!important; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6:active , .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6 .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u98a47997eabe87b292e67dcd3d7ca3e6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pearl Harbor EssayOne of the benefits of the Triple E Senate is that it will definitelyhave a positive effect on the rest of Canadas political institutions.If theHouse of Commons was to have a reformed Senate watching over it, it would haveto work harder, implement more compromises into their policies and this wouldmake it that much more effective.The regional interests and views on nationalpolicy can also be dealt with by a reformed Senate, thus allowing provincialpowers to focus on their respective mandates instead ofjust campaigning onnational policies. Regionalism is a major force in Canada, one that pervades almost allaspects of our political lives.Therefore, it is extremely important thatameans of expression is available to us in our national institutions.The TripleE Senate builds a federal principle into the national government which thenprovides a more effective regional balance on the majority rule of the House ofCommons.More specifically, a reformed Senate will enhance the visibility ofprovincial and regional representation in Ottawa, create more effectiveterritorial checks and balances within the legislative process and improve thecredibility and legitimacy of the national government in disaffected regions ofCanada. Ten years ago, the concept of a Triple E Senate was unimaginable, butit is very much on the minds of Canadians these days.Due to insufficientregional and provincial representation at the national level , Canadians are nowasking whether we could not follow the example of other federations bystrengthening the secon d chamber of our national Parliament. BIBLIOGRAPHYCampbell, Colin. The Canadian Senate.Toronto: The Macmillan Company of CanadaLtd.,1978. Dyck, Rand. Canadian Politics: Critical Approaches.Scarborough: Nelson Canada,1996. Fox, Paul w., ed.Politics: Canada Seventh Edition.Toronto: McGraw-HillRyerson Ltd.,1991. Kunz, F.A.The Modern Senate of Canada / 1925-1963.Toronto: University ofTorontoPress, 1967. MacGuigan, The Hon. Mark.Reform of the Senate: A Discussion Paper.Ottawa:Publications Canada, 1983. MacKay, Robert A.The Unreformed Senate of Canada.Toronto: Oxford UniversityPress, 1963. White, Randall.Voice of Region: The Long Journey to Senate Reform in Canada. Toronto: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1991. h

Definition and Examples of Modality in Grammar

Definition and Examples of Modality in Grammar In grammar and semantics, modality refers to linguistic devices that indicate the degree to which an observation is possible, probable, likely, certain, permitted, or prohibited. In English, these notions are commonly (though not exclusively) expressed by modal auxiliaries, such as can, might, should, and will. They are sometimes combined with not. Martin J. Endley suggests that the simplest way to explain  modality  is  to say that it has to do with the stance the speaker adopts toward some situation expressed in an utterance...[M]odality reflects the speakers attitude toward the situation being described (Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar, 2010). Deborah Cameron illustrates with an example: [Modality] is what makes the difference between a factual assertion like  unicorns never existed, and a more guarded view, such as  it seems unlikely that unicorns could ever have existed- or a bolder claim like  the existence of unicorns must always have been a myth.  Modality, then, is a resource  speakers  and writers use when they are staking claims to knowledge: it allows them to formulate different kinds of claims (e.g., assertions, opinions, hypotheses, speculations) and indicate how committed they are to those claims. (The Teachers Guide to Grammar, Oxford University Press, 2007) Indicating Modality Grammatically Just as tense indicates a time aspect of a verb, words that are used to show modality indicate the mood of the sentence- that is, how factual or assertive the statement is- and it can be done in any number of ways, including with adjectives. Martin J. Endley in Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar  explains: Thus, a situation might be described as  possible, probable, necessary, or  certain. The  noun  counterparts of these adjectives also express modality so that a situation can be described as a  possibility, a  probability, a  necessity, or a  certainty. Moreover, it is possible to use ordinary  lexical verbs  to convey modality....And think  about the difference between saying that you  know  something and saying that you  believe  something. Such differences are essentially a matter of modality. Finally, English also contains certain semi-fixed lexical phrases (e.g.,  rumor has it) that are, basically, modal expressions.  (IAP, 2010) Other terms that express modality are marginal modals, such as need, ought to, dare, or used to. In Depth: Types of Modality The range of possibilities expressed when using modality is a broad spectrum, ranging from not very likely to very likely; to express these different levels, modality comes with named gradations, as explained by authors  Gà ¼nter Radden and Renà © Dirven, in Cognitive English Grammar:   Modality is concerned with the speakers assessment of, or attitude towards, the potentiality of a state of affairs. Modality, therefore, relates to different worlds. Assessments of potentiality, as in You must be right, relate to the world of knowledge and reasoning. This type of modality is known as epistemic modality. Modal attitudes apply to the world of things and social interaction. This type of modality is known as root modality. Root modality comprises three subtypes: deontic modality, intrinsic modality and disposition modality. Deontic modality is concerned with the speakers directive attitude towards an action to be carried out, as in the obligation You must go now. Intrinsic modality is concerned with potentialities arising from intrinsic qualities of a thing or circumstances, as in The meeting can be canceled, i.e. it is possible for the meeting to be canceled. Disposition modality is concerned with a things or a persons intrinsic potential of being actualised; in particu lar abilities. Thus, when you have the ability to play the guitar you will potentially do so....Modal verbs have a special status among modal expressions: they ground a situation in potential reality. (John Benjamins, 2007)